Articles | Volume 2, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-143-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-143-2011
© Author(s) 2011. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Method article
| 
28 Jul 2011
Method article |
| 28 Jul 2011
Optical method for measuring bed topography and flow depth in an experimental flume
A. Limare
Equipe de Dynamique des Fluides Géologiques, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP, UMR 7154, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot), 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
M. Tal
Equipe de Dynamique des Fluides Géologiques, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP, UMR 7154, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot), 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
now at: Univ. Aix-Marseille, CEREGE UMR 6635, Europôle de l'Arbois, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence cedex 04, France
M. D. Reitz
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
E. Lajeunesse
Equipe de Dynamique des Fluides Géologiques, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP, UMR 7154, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot), 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
F. Métivier
Equipe de Dynamique des Fluides Géologiques, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP, UMR 7154, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot), 1 rue Jussieu, 75238 Paris Cedex 05, France
Related subject area
Geomorphology
Effect of structural setting of source volume on rock avalanche mobility and deposit morphology
The Münsterdorf sinkhole cluster: Void origin and mechanical failure
Deep oceanic submarine fieldwork with undergraduate students: an immersive experience with the Minerve software
Determining the Plio-Quaternary uplift of the southern French Massif Central; a new insight for intraplate orogen dynamics
Spatio-temporal dynamics of sediment transfer systems in landslide-prone Alpine catchments
Sinkholes and uvalas in evaporite karst: spatio-temporal development with links to base-level fall on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea
Distinct element geomechanical modelling of the formation of sinkhole clusters within large-scale karstic depressions
A semi-automated algorithm to quantify scarp morphology (SPARTA): application to normal faults in southern Malawi
Combined effects of grain size, flow volume and channel width on geophysical flow mobility: three-dimensional discrete element modeling of dry and dense flows of angular rock fragments
Stepwise drying of Lake Turkana at the end of the African Humid Period: a forced regression modulated by solar activity variations?
A geological model for the management of subsurface data in the urban environment of Barcelona and surrounding area
The impact of standard preparation practice on the runoff and soil erosion rates under laboratory conditions
sUAS and their application in observing geomorphological processes
Assessment of combating-desertification strategies using the linear assignment method
Delineating small karst watersheds based on digital elevation model and eco-hydrogeological principles
Rainfall and human activity impacts on soil losses and rill erosion in vineyards (Ruwer Valley, Germany)
Relative tectonic activity classification in the Kermanshah area, western Iran
Degradation of buried ice and permafrost in the Veleta cirque (Sierra Nevada, Spain) from 2006 to 2013 as a response to recent climate trends
Sedimentological characteristics of ice-wedge polygon terrain in Adventdalen (Svalbard) – environmental and climatic implications for the late Holocene
Maskevarri Ráhppát in Finnmark, northern Norway – is it an earthquake-induced landform complex?
Erosion rates deduced from seasonal mass balance along the upper Urumqi River in Tianshan
The role of karst in engineering and environmental geosciences
Zhao Duan, Yan-Bin Wu, Qing Zhang, Zhen-Yan Li, Lin Yuan, Kai Wang, and Yang Liu
Solid Earth, 13, 1631–1647, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the mobility and sedimentary characteristics of rock avalanches influenced by initial discontinuity sets with experimental methods. In the experiments, we set different initial configurations of blocks. The results revealed that the mobility and surface structures of the mass flows differed significantly. In the mass deposits, the block orientations were affected by their initial configurations and the motion processes of the mass flows.
Georg Kaufmann, Douchko Romanov, Ulrike Werban, and Thomas Vienken
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-668, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-668, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We discuss collapse sinkholes occuring since 2004 on the sports field of Münsterdorf, a village north of Hamburg. The sinkholes, 2–5 m in size and about 3–5 m deep, develop in peri-glacial sand, with a likely origin in the cretaceous chalk, present in about 20 m depth. The area has been analyzed with geophysical and direct-push based methods, from which material properties of the subsurface have been derived. The properties have been used for mechanical models, predicting the subsidence.
Marianne Métois, Jean-Emmanuel Martelat, Jérémy Billant, Muriel Andreani, Javier Escartín, Frédérique Leclerc, and the ICAP team
Solid Earth, 12, 2789–2802, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2789-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2789-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use the Minerve virtual reality software to bring undergraduate students to an unusual field trip at 1200 m below sea level in the Lesser Antilles area. This region is located above an active subduction zone responsible for intense volcanic and seismic activity. In particular, we focus on the Roseau submarine fault that ruptured during the Mw 6.3 Les Saintes earthquake and presented a fresh scarp that the students can analyze and map in VR. They compile their results in a GIS project.
Oswald Malcles, Philippe Vernant, Jean Chéry, Pierre Camps, Gaël Cazes, Jean-François Ritz, and David Fink
Solid Earth, 11, 241–258, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-241-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-241-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We aim to better understand the challenging areas that are the intraplate regions using one example: the southern French Massif Central and its numerous hundreds of meters deep valleys. We apply a multidisciplinary approach there using geomorphology, geochronology, and numerical modeling.
Our dating results show that the canyon incisions are part of the Plio-Quaternary evolution with incision rate of ~ 80 m Ma−1. We propose then that this incision is possible due to an active regional uplift.
François Clapuyt, Veerle Vanacker, Marcus Christl, Kristof Van Oost, and Fritz Schlunegger
Solid Earth, 10, 1489–1503, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1489-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1489-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using state-of-the-art geomorphic techniques, we quantified a 2-order of magnitude discrepancy between annual, decadal, and millennial sediment fluxes of a landslide-affected mountainous river catchment in the Swiss Alps. Our results illustrate that the impact of a single sediment pulse is strongly attenuated at larger spatial and temporal scales by sediment transport. The accumulation of multiple sediment pulses has rather a measurable impact on the regional pattern of sediment fluxes.
Robert A. Watson, Eoghan P. Holohan, Djamil Al-Halbouni, Leila Saberi, Ali Sawarieh, Damien Closson, Hussam Alrshdan, Najib Abou Karaki, Christian Siebert, Thomas R. Walter, and Torsten Dahm
Solid Earth, 10, 1451–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1451-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1451-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The fall of the Dead Sea level since the 1960s has provoked the formation of over 6000 sinkholes, a major hazard to local economy and infrastructure. In this context, we study the evolution of subsidence phenomena at three area scales at the Dead Sea’s eastern shore from 1967–2017. Our results yield the most detailed insights to date into the spatio-temporal development of sinkholes and larger depressions (uvalas) in an evaporite karst setting and emphasize a link to the falling Dead Sea level.
Djamil Al-Halbouni, Eoghan P. Holohan, Abbas Taheri, Robert A. Watson, Ulrich Polom, Martin P. J. Schöpfer, Sacha Emam, and Torsten Dahm
Solid Earth, 10, 1219–1241, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1219-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1219-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A 2-D numerical modelling approach to simulate the mechanical formation of sinkhole cluster inside large-scale karstic depressions is presented. Different multiple cavity growth scenarios at depth are compared regarding the mechanical process and collapse style. The outcomes of the models are compared to results from remote sensing and geophysics for an active sinkhole area in the Dead Sea region.
Michael Hodge, Juliet Biggs, Åke Fagereng, Austin Elliott, Hassan Mdala, and Felix Mphepo
Solid Earth, 10, 27–57, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-27-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-27-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work attempts to create a semi-automated algorithm (called SPARTA) to calculate height, width and slope of surface breaks produced by earthquakes on faults. We developed the Python algorithm using synthetic catalogues, which can include noise features such as vegetation, hills and ditches, which mimic natural environments. We then apply the algorithm to four fault scarps in southern Malawi, at the southern end of the East African Rift system, to understand their earthquake potential.
Bruno Cagnoli and Antonio Piersanti
Solid Earth, 8, 177–188, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-177-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-177-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The purpose of our research is to understand the mechanisms that determine the mobility of granular flows of rock fragments. Since rock avalanches and pyroclastic flows are too dangerous to be studied at close range, we use numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. We focus on the fundamentals upon which new numerical models will be built to predict the behaviors of natural flows. These fundamentals include the effects of grain size, flow volume and channel width.
Alexis Nutz and Mathieu Schuster
Solid Earth, 7, 1609–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1609-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1609-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
From the geomorphology of a palaeodelta complex of Lake Turkana (Kenya), we explore the end of the Holocene African Humid Period (AHP) that corresponded to a major change in climate of Africa and that had important environmental impacts. Here, we propose that the transition from a wet to a dry period at the end of the AHP is stepwise, discussing a potential control by short-term variations in solar activity. Understanding this climate event is crucial to facing future climate changes.
Enric Vázquez-Suñé, Miguel Ángel Marazuela, Violeta Velasco, Marc Diviu, Andrés Pérez-Estaún, and Joaquina Álvarez-Marrón
Solid Earth, 7, 1317–1329, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1317-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1317-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study shows the need for a symbiotic relationship between government and research groups for efficient management of geologic data in urban environments. Through its implementation, both the city administration and private companies benefit from the feedback of geologic knowledge acquired during this process, thereby substantially reducing the cost of construction projects and facilitating the development of aquifer management plans.
Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan, Vafa Homayounfar, and Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi
Solid Earth, 7, 1293–1302, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1293-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1293-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Different stages of soil removal, transfer, preparation and placement in laboratory plots cause significant changes in soil structure and, subsequently, the results of runoff, sediment concentration and soil loss. The increasing rates of runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss due to the study soil preparation method for laboratory soil erosion plots were 179, 183 and 1050 % (2.79, 2.83 and 11.50 times), respectively.
Jozef Gallik and Lenka Bolešová
Solid Earth, 7, 1033–1042, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1033-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1033-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Technology is moving ahead very fast, and so researchers have new possibilities for their research. We tried to demonstrate benefits of using remote-sensing technology (Phantom 1 drone) such as its accuracy in the terrain, easy access to hardly accessible areas, and the possibility to collect data even during unfavourable weather conditions. The high mountainous environment provided us great conditions for testing the drone as a device for very easy and accurate mapping of natural phenomena.
Mohammad Hassan Sadeghravesh, Hassan Khosravi, and Soudeh Ghasemian
Solid Earth, 7, 673–683, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-673-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-673-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Select appropriate strategies according to all effective criteria in combating desertification process can be so useful in controlling and rehabilitation of degraded lands, and avoid degradation in vulnerable fields. This study provides systematic and optimal strategies of combating desertification by group decision-making model. To this end, in the framework of Multi Attribute Decision Making (MADM) and by using Delphi model (Delphi), the preferences of indexes were obtained.
Guang Jie Luo, Shi Jie Wang, Xiao Yong Bai, Xiu Ming Liu, and An Yun Cheng
Solid Earth, 7, 457–468, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-457-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-457-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
For accurately reflecting the eco-hydrological process of the dual structure of the surface and subsurface, we propose a new method for the extraction of small watersheds in karst regions. In this study, we think that the minimum karst watershed has an exit at the corrosion–erosion datum, and the further karst sub-watershed division may cause an eco-hydrological fault. The watersheds delineated by our method accurately reflect the hydrological process in the Sancha River.
J. Rodrigo Comino, C. Brings, T. Lassu, T. Iserloh, J. M. Senciales, J. F. Martínez Murillo, J. D. Ruiz Sinoga, M. Seeger, and J. B. Ries
Solid Earth, 6, 823–837, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-823-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-823-2015, 2015
M. Arian and Z. Aram
Solid Earth, 5, 1277–1291, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1277-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1277-2014, 2014
Short summary
Short summary
The Kermanshah area in the High Zagros, Iran (the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates) has been affected by four classes of tectonic variation. These regions were identified as very high, high, moderate and low relative tectonic activity by calculation and analysis of six geomorphic indices.
A. Gómez-Ortiz, M. Oliva, F. Salvador-Franch, M. Salvà-Catarineu, D. Palacios, J. J. de Sanjosé-Blasco, L. M. Tanarro-García, J. Galindo-Zaldívar, and C. Sanz de Galdeano
Solid Earth, 5, 979–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-979-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-979-2014, 2014
M. Oliva, G. Vieira, P. Pina, P. Pereira, M. Neves, and M. C. Freitas
Solid Earth, 5, 901–914, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-901-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-901-2014, 2014
R. Sutinen, I. Aro, P. Närhi, M. Piekkari, and M. Middleton
Solid Earth, 5, 683–691, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-683-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-683-2014, 2014
Y. Liu, F. Métivier, J. Gaillardet, B. Ye, P. Meunier, C. Narteau, E. Lajeunesse, T. Han, and L. Malverti
Solid Earth, 2, 283–301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-283-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-283-2011, 2011
H. C. Ho
Solid Earth, 2, 155–158, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-155-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-155-2011, 2011
Cited articles
Armstrong, L.: Bank erosion and sediment transport in a microscale straight river, Ph.D. thesis, Universit{é} Paris7-Denis Diderot, France, 2003.
Ashmore, P.: Laboratory modelling of gravel bed braided stream morphology, Earth. Surf. Process. Landforms, 7, 201–225, 1982.
Aureli, F., Maranzoni, A., Mignosa, P., and C., Z.: Dam-break flows: acquisition of experimental data through an imaging technique and 2-D numerical modeling, J. Hydraul. Eng., 134, 1089-1101, http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:8(1089)https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:8(1089), 2008.
Brémand, F.: A phase unwrapping technique for object relief determination, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 21, 49–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-8166(94)90059-0, 1994.
Brémand, F., Doumalin, P., Dupré, J., Hesser, F., and Valle, V.: Optical Techniques for Relief Study of Mona Lisa's Wooden Support, Chap. in: Experimental Analysis of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structures, Springer, Netherlands, 2007.
Breque, C., Br{é}mand, F., and Dupr{é}, J.: Characterization of biological materials by means of optical methods of measurement, in: Second International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, edited by Chau, F. and Quan, C., 463–468 pp. , 2000.
Breque, C., Dupré, J., and Brémand, F.: Calibration of a system of projection moiré for relief measuring: biomechanical applications, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 41, 241–260, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-8166(02)00198-7, 2004.
Cardenas-Garcia, J., Yao, H., and Zheng, S.: 3-D reconstruction of objects using stereo imaging, Opt. Lasers Eng., 22, 193–213, 1995.
Chandler, J. H., Shiono, K., Rameshwaren, P., and Lane, S. N.: Measuring flume surfaces for hydraulics research using a Kodak DCS460, Photogramm. Rec., 17, 39–61, 2001.
Chiang, F.: Moiré Methods of Strain Analysis, Chap. 6 in: Manual on Experimental Stress Analysis, edited by: Kobayashi, A. S., Soc. for Exp. Stress Anal., Brookfield Center, CT, 51–69 pp., 1983.
Cochard, S. and Ancey, C.: Tracking the free surface of time-dependent flows: image processing for the dam-break problem, Exp. Fluids, 44, 59–71, 2008.
Coleman, S. and Eling, B.: Sand wavelets in laminar open-channel flows, J. Hydraul. Res., 38, 331–338, 2000.
Darboux, F. and Huang, C.: An instantaneous-profile laser scanner to measure soil surface microtopography, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67, 92–99, 2003.
Devauchelle, O., Malverti, L., Lajeunesse, E., Josserand, C., Lagree, P. Y., and Métivier, F.: Rhomboid beach pattern: A laboratory investigation, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F02017, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001471, 2010{a}.
Devauchelle, O., Malverti, L., Lajeunesse, E., Josserand, C., Lagree, P. Y., and Thu-Lam, K. N.: Stability of bedforms in laminar flows with free-surface: from bars to ripples, J. Fluid Mech., 642, 329–348, 2010{b}.
Dreano, J., Valance, A., Lague, D., and Cassar, C.: Experimental study of sediment flux controls on transient and steady-state dynamics of bedforms in supply-limited conditions, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 35, 1730–1743, 2010.
Federici, B. and Paola, C.: Dynamics of channel bifurcations in noncohesive sediments, Water Resour. Res., 39, 1162, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000306, 2003.
Ghiglia, D. C. and Pritt, M. D.: Two-dimentional Phase Unwrapping: theory, algorithms, and software, Wiley Science, 1998.
Guangjun, Z. and Liqun, M.: Modeling and calibration of grid structured light based 3-D vision inspection, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng., 122, 734–738, 2000.
Halioua, M. and Liu, H.-C.: Optical three-dimensional sensing by phase measuring profilometry, Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 11, 185–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/0143-8166(89)90031-6, 1989.
Huang, A., Capart, H., Chen, R., and Huang, M.: Laser scanning technique for the acquisition of digital elevation models of debris flow material, in: Fourth Int Conf on Debris-Flow Hazard Mitigation, Chengdu, China, September 2007, 539–546 pp., 2007{a}.
Huang, A., Capart, H., Chen, R., and Huang, M.: Experimental analysis of the seepage failure of a sand slope, in: Fourth Int Conf on Debris-Flow Hazard Mitigation, Chengdu, China, September 2007, 259-267, 2007b.
Huang, M., Huang, A., and Capart, H.: Joint mapping of bed elevation and flow depth in microscale morphodynamics experiments, Experiments in Fluids, 1–14 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-010-0858-4, 2010.
Huntley, J. and Saldner, H.: Shape measurement by temporal phase unwrapping: comparison of unwrapping algorithms, Meas. Sci. Technol., 8, 986–992, 1997.
Kozłowski, J. and Serra, G.: New modified phase locked loop method for fringe pattern demodulation, Opt. Eng., 36, 2025–2030, 1997.
Kozłowski, J. and Serra, G.: Analysis of the complex phase error introduced by the application of the Fourier transform method, J. of Modern Opt., 46, 957–971, 1999.
Lague, D., Crave, A., and Davy, P.: Laboratory experiments simulating the geomorphic response to tectonic uplift, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001785, 2003.
Lajeunesse, E., Malverti, L., and Charru, F.: Bed load transport in turbulent flow at the grain scale: Experiments and modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F04001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001628, 2010{a}.
Lajeunesse, E., Malverti, L., Lancien, P., Armstrong, L., Métivier, F., Coleman, S., Smith, C., Davies, T., Cantelli, A., and Parker, G.: Fluvial and Submarine Morphodynamics of Laminar and Near-Laminar Flows: a synthesis, Sedimentology, 57, 1–26, 2010{b}.
Lancien, P., Métivier, F., Lajeunesse, E., and Cacas, M.: Incision dynamics and shear stress measurements in submarine channels experiments, in: River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics 2005, edited by: Parker, G. and Garcia, M. H., Taylor and Francis Group, London, 527–533 pp., 2005.
Liebling, M., Blu, T., and Unser, M.: Complex-wave retrival from a single off-axis hologram, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 21, 367–377, 2004.
Malverti, L., Lajeunesse, E., and Métivier, F.: Experimental investigation of the response of an alluvial river to a vertical offset of its bed, in: 5th IAHR Symposium on River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics, edited by: Dohmen-Janssen, C. and Husche, S., 179–184 pp., 2007.
Malverti, L., Lajeunesse, E., and Métivier, F.: Small is beautifull: upscaling microscale experimental results to the size of natural rivers, J. Geophys. Res., 113, F04004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000,974, 2008.
Métivier, F. and Meunier, P.: Input and Output mass flux correlations in an experimental braided stream. Implications on the dynamics of bed load transport, J. Hydrol., 271, 22–38, 2003.
Métivier, F., Lajeunesse, E., and Cacas, M.: Submarine Canyons in the Bathtube, Journal of Sed. Res., 75, 6–11, 2005.
Métivier, F., Narteau, C., Lajeunesse, E., Devauchelle, O., Liu, Y., and Ye, B.: A new simple integral technique to analyze bedload transport data, in: 7th IAHR Symposium on River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics, 179–184 pp., 2011.
Meunier, P.: Braided rivers dynamics, Ph.D. thesis, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 2004.
Ni, W.-J. and Crave, H.: Groundwater drainage and recharge by networks of irregular channels, J. Geophys. Res., 111, F02014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000410, 2006.
Paola, C.: Incoherent Structure: Turbulence as a Metaphor for Stream Braiding, in: Coherent Flow Structures in Open Channels, edited by: Ashworth, P., Bennett, S., Best, J., and McLelland, S., 705–723 pp., John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1996.
Paola, C.: Modelling stream braiding over a range of scales, in: Gravel Bed Rivers, edited by: Mosley, M., 11–46 pp., 2001.
Paola, C.: Quantitative models of sedimentary basin filling, Sedimentology, 47, 121–178, 2010.
Patorski, K.: Handbook of the moiré fringe technique, Chap. 10 and 13, Elsevier Science Publishers, 1993.
Pouliquen, O. and Forterre, Y.: Friction law for dense granular flows: application to the motion of a mass down a rough inclined plane, J. Fluid Mech., 453, 131–151, 2002.
Reitz, M. D., Jerolmack, D. J., and Swenson, J. B.: Flooding and flow path selection on alluvial fans and deltas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L06401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL041985, 2010.
Rice, C., Wilson, B. N., and Appleman, M.: An instantaneous-profile laser scanner to measure soil surface microtopography, Comput. Electron. Agric., 3, 97–107, 1988.
Sansoni, G., Corini, S., Lazzari, S., Rodella, R., and Docchio, F.: Three-dimensional imaging based on Gray-code light projection: characterization of the measuring algorithm and development of a measuring system for industrial applications, Appl. Opt., 36, 4463–4472, 1997.
Sansoni, G., Carocci, M., and Rodella, R.: Calibration and performance evaluation of a 3-D imaging sensor based on the projection of structured light, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 49, 628–635, 2000.
Sansoni, G., Patrioli, A., and Docchio, F.: OPL-3D: A novel, portable optical digitizer for fast acquisition of free-form surfaces, Review of Scientific Instruments, 74, 2593–2603, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1561602, 2003.
Schmit, J. and Creath, K.: Extended averaging technique for derivation of error compensating algorithms in phase shifting interferometry, Appl. Opt., 34, 3610–3619, 1995.
Schumm, S. A.: The fluvial system, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1977.
Schumm, S. A., Morley, M. P., and Weaver, W. E.: Experimental fluvial geomorphology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1987.
Takeda, M.: Spatial-carrier fringe-pattern analysis and its applications to precision interferometry and profilometry: An overview, Industrial Metrology, 1, 79–99, 1990.
Takeda, M., Ina, H., and Kobayashi, S.: Fourier-transform method of fringe-pattern analysis for computer based topography and interferometry, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 72, 156–160, 1982.
Tal, M. and Paola, C.: Dynamic single-thread channels maintained by the interaction of flow and vegetation, Geology, 35, 347–350, 2007.
Turowski, J. M., Lague, D., Crave, A., and Hovius, N.: Experimental channel response to tectonic uplift, J. Geophys. Res., 111, F03008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000306, 2006.
Weiler, M. and Flühler, H.: Inferring flow types from dye patterns in macroporous soils, Geoderma, 120, 137–153, 2004.
