Articles | Volume 6, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1007-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1007-2015
© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Aug 2015
Research article |
| 21 Aug 2015
Magma mixing enhanced by bubble segregation
S. Wiesmaier
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Münich, Germany
GEOVOL, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
D. Morgavi
Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Münich, Germany
Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
C. J. Renggli
Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
D. Perugini
Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
C. P. De Campos
Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Münich, Germany
K.-U. Hess
Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Münich, Germany
W. Ertel-Ingrisch
Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Münich, Germany
Y. Lavallée
Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP, UK
D. B. Dingwell
Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Münich, Germany
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Yan Lavallée, Takahiro Miwa, James D. Ashworth, Paul A. Wallace, Jackie E. Kendrick, Rebecca Coats, Anthony Lamur, Adrian Hornby, Kai-Uwe Hess, Takeshi Matsushima, Setsuya Nakada, Hiroshi Shimizu, Bernhard Ruthensteiner, and Hugh Tuffen
Solid Earth, 13, 875–900, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-875-2022, 2022
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Volcanic eruptions are controlled by the presence of gas bubbles in magma, which, in excess, can cause explosions. Eruption models lack an understanding of how gas percolates in magma flowing in a conduit. Here we study gas percolation in magma associated with the 1994–1995 eruption at Mt. Unzen, Japan. The results show that the pathways for gas escape depend on the depth and ascent rate of magma. Pathways closed at depth but opened along fractures when magma ascended rapidly near the surface.
Jackie E. Kendrick, Lauren N. Schaefer, Jenny Schauroth, Andrew F. Bell, Oliver D. Lamb, Anthony Lamur, Takahiro Miwa, Rebecca Coats, Yan Lavallée, and Ben M. Kennedy
Solid Earth, 12, 633–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-633-2021, 2021
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The last lava dome eruption of Mount Unzen (Japan) ended in 1995, but ongoing instability means much of the area remains an exclusion zone. The rocks in the lava dome impact its stability; heterogeneity (contrasting properties) and anisotropy (orientation-specific properties) can channel fluids and localise deformation, enhancing the risk of lava dome collapse. We recommend using measured material properties to interpret geophysical signals and to model volcanic systems.
Elena C. Maters, Donald B. Dingwell, Corrado Cimarelli, Dirk Müller, Thomas F. Whale, and Benjamin J. Murray
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 5451–5465, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5451-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5451-2019, 2019
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This experimental study investigates the influence of volcanic ash chemical composition, crystallinity, and mineralogy on its ability to promote freezing of supercooled water. The results indicate that crystals in ash play a key role in this process and suggest that feldspars and perhaps pyroxenes in ash may be highly ice-active. These findings contribute to improving understanding of the potential of ash emissions from different explosive eruptions to impact ice formation in the atmosphere.
Donald B. Dingwell, Yan Lavallée, Kai-Uwe Hess, Asher Flaws, Joan Marti, Alexander R. L. Nichols, H. Albert Gilg, and Burkhard Schillinger
Solid Earth, 7, 1383–1393, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1383-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1383-2016, 2016
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Here, we use tomography to reconstructed the pores of erupted pumice and understand the evolution of gas bubbles in magma. Analysis of the pore geometry is used to describe whether the pores where aligned by stretching as ascending magma is pulled apart (pure shear) or sheared like a deck of card (simple shear). We conclude that the latter, simple shear, dominates during magma ascent up to the points where magma fragments to cause an explosion.
O. D. Lamb, S. De Angelis, K. Umakoshi, A. J. Hornby, J. E. Kendrick, and Y. Lavallée
Solid Earth, 6, 1277–1293, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1277-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1277-2015, 2015
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In this paper we analyse the seismic record during the extrusion of a lava spine at Unzen volcano, Japan, in 1994. We find two strong groups of similar volcanic earthquakes which, combined with previously published field and experimental observations, we interpret as repetitive fracturing along the margin of the lava spine. This work demonstrates the potential of combining these different approaches for achieving a greater understanding of shallow volcanic processes.
G. A. Douillet, B. Taisne, È Tsang-Hin-Sun, S. K. Müller, U. Kueppers, and D. B. Dingwell
Solid Earth, 6, 553–572, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-553-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-553-2015, 2015
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Sedimentary beds can exhibit signs of local deformation in pyroclastic strata. Patterns are reviewed and trigger mechanisms interpreted.
During an eruption, basal granular flows can have a fluidized behavior, inducing over- or underpressure at the bed interface. Basal shear can overturn strata. Large blocks ejected ballistically deform the ground when landing. Explosions at the vent produce shock waves that can destabilize a bed. These syn-eruptive triggers are specific to explosive volcanism.
J. E. Kendrick, Y. Lavallée, K.-U. Hess, S. De Angelis, A. Ferk, H. E. Gaunt, P. G. Meredith, D. B. Dingwell, and R. Leonhardt
Solid Earth, 5, 199–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-199-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-199-2014, 2014
S. B. Mueller, N. R. Varley, U. Kueppers, P. Lesage, G. Á. Reyes Davila, and D. B. Dingwell
Solid Earth, 4, 201–213, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-201-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-201-2013, 2013
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Solid Earth, 11, 125–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-125-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-125-2020, 2020
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Understanding the anatomy of active magmatic plumbing systems is essential to define the heat source(s) feeding geothermal fields. Mineral-melt thermobarometry and fractional crystallization (FC) models were applied to Quaternary volcanic products of the Los Humeros Caldera (Mexico). Results point to a magmatic system controlled by FC processes and made of magma transport and storage layers within the crust, with significant implications on structure and longevity of the geothermal reservoir.
Tomoaki Morishita, Naoto Hirano, Hirochika Sumino, Hiroshi Sato, Tomoyuki Shibata, Masako Yoshikawa, Shoji Arai, Rie Nauchi, and Akihiro Tamura
Solid Earth, 11, 23–36, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-23-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-23-2020, 2020
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Francesco Giuntoli, Pierre Lanari, and Martin Engi
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Continental high-pressure terranes in orogens offer insight into deep recycling and transformation processes that occur in subduction zones. These remain poorly understood, and currently debated ideas need testing. We document complex garnet zoning in eclogitic mica schists from the Sesia Zone (western Italian Alps). These retain evidence of two orogenic cycles and provide detailed insight into resorption, growth, and diffusion processes induced by fluid pulses under high-pressure conditions.
Francesco Giuntoli, Pierre Lanari, Marco Burn, Barbara Eva Kunz, and Martin Engi
Solid Earth, 9, 191–222, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-191-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-191-2018, 2018
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Subducted continental terranes commonly comprise an assembly of subunits that reflect the different tectono-metamorphic histories they experienced in the subduction zone. Our challenge is to unravel how, when, and in which part of the subduction zone these subunits were juxtaposed. Our study documents when and in what conditions re-equilibration took place. Results constrain the main stages of mineral growth and deformation, associated with fluid influx that occurred in the subduction channel.
Elizaveta Kovaleva, Håkon O. Austrheim, and Urs S. Klötzli
Solid Earth, 8, 789–804, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-789-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-789-2017, 2017
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This is a study of unusual coronae textures formed by zircon in granulitic metapelites, Ivrea–Verbano Zone (northern Italy). Zircon coronas occur in two generations: (1) thick (5–20 µm) crescent-shaped aggregates and (2) thin (≤ 1 µm) thread-shaped and tangled coronae. Both are found in the same petrological context, so that the difference between two generations is very conspicuous. Formation of zircon coronae is attributed to the two-stage decomposition of Fe–Ti oxides, a rich source of Zr.
Paula Ogilvie and Roger L. Gibson
Solid Earth, 8, 93–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-93-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-8-93-2017, 2017
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Coronas are vital clues to the presence of arrested reaction in metamorphic rocks. We review formation mechanisms of coronas and approaches utilized to model their evolution in P–T–X space. Forward modelling employing calculated chemical potential gradients allows a far more nuanced understanding of the intricacies that govern metamorphic reaction. These models have critical implications for the limitations and opportunities coronas afford in interpreting the evolution of metamorphic terranes.
Faisal Khan, Frieder Enzmann, and Michael Kersten
Solid Earth, 7, 481–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-481-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-481-2016, 2016
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X-ray microtomography image processing involves artefact reduction and image segmentation. The beam-hardening artefact is removed, applying a new algorithm, which minimizes the offsets of the attenuation data points. For the segmentation, we propose using a non-linear classifier algorithm. Statistical analysis was performed to quantify the improvement in multi-phase classification of rock cores using and without using our advanced beam-hardening correction algorithm.
Linda Luquot, Vanessa Hebert, and Olivier Rodriguez
Solid Earth, 7, 441–456, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-441-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-441-2016, 2016
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To evaluate oil and gas production, accurate characterization (usually based on laboratory experiments) of reservoir rock properties needs to be performed. X-ray scanning samples enable obtaining 3-D images of the rock inner structure from which those properties can be obtained using images processing. This article shows that these two approaches are complementary and yield consistent results. Moreover, image-based calculations allow to save a huge amount of time compared to lab-based measures.
E. Berrezueta, B. Ordóñez-Casado, and L. Quintana
Solid Earth, 7, 37–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-37-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-37-2016, 2016
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The aim of this article is to describe and interpret qualitative and quantitative changes at the rock matrix scale of Cretaceous sandstones (northern Spain) exposed to supercritical CO2 and brine. Experimental CO2-rich brine injection was performed in a reactor chamber under realistic conditions of deep saline formations (P ≈ 7.8 MPa, T ≈ 38 °C and 24 h exposure time). SEM and optical microscopy, aided by optical image processing and chemical analyses were used to study the rock samples.
M. Ledevin, N. Arndt, A. Davaille, R. Ledevin, and A. Simionovici
Solid Earth, 6, 253–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-253-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-253-2015, 2015
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We investigate the composition, physical and rheological properties of fluids at the origin of Palaeoarchean chert dikes in South Africa. The dikes formed by repetitive hydraulic fracturing as overpressured oceanic fluids were released at low temperatures as a siliceous slurry. The gelation capacity of silica conferred the chert precursor a viscoelastic, probably thixotrope behaviour. It is an additional step to understand fluid circulations towards the ocean floor, the habitat of early life.
K. Jamshidi, H. Ghasemi, V. R. Troll, M. Sadeghian, and B. Dahren
Solid Earth, 6, 49–72, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-49-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-49-2015, 2015
I. V. Ashchepkov, N. V. Alymova, A. M. Logvinova, N. V. Vladykin, S. S. Kuligin, S. I. Mityukhin, H. Downes, Yu. B. Stegnitsky, S. A. Prokopiev, R. F. Salikhov, V. S. Palessky, and O. S. Khmel'nikova
Solid Earth, 5, 915–938, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-915-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-915-2014, 2014
S. Bouquain, N. T. Arndt, F. Faure, and G. Libourel
Solid Earth, 5, 641–650, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-641-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-641-2014, 2014
V. R. Troll, A. Klügel, M.-A. Longpré, S. Burchardt, F. M. Deegan, J. C. Carracedo, S. Wiesmaier, U. Kueppers, B. Dahren, L. S. Blythe, T. H. Hansteen, C. Freda, D. A. Budd, E. M. Jolis, E. Jonsson, F. C. Meade, C. Harris, S. E. Berg, L. Mancini, M. Polacci, and K. Pedroza
Solid Earth, 3, 97–110, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-97-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-3-97-2012, 2012
M. Nasrabady, F. Rossetti, T. Theye, and G. Vignaroli
Solid Earth, 2, 219–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-219-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2-219-2011, 2011
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Short summary
We reproduced in an experiment the mixing of two different magmas by bubbles. Bubbles form filaments when dragging portions of one magma into another and thus mingle both magmas. Bubble mixing must be an accelerating process in nature, because formed filaments are channels of low resistance for subsequently rising bubbles. In natural gas-rich magmas, this may be an important mechanism for magma mixing. Natural samples from Axial Seamount show evidence for bubble mixing.
We reproduced in an experiment the mixing of two different magmas by bubbles. Bubbles form...
