Articles | Volume 9, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-295-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-295-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Mar 2018
Research article |
| 21 Mar 2018
| 21 Mar 2018
Paleomagnetic constraints on the timing and distribution of Cenozoic rotations in Central and Eastern Anatolia
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
Murat Özkaptan
Department of Geophysical Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
Iverna Creton
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
Mathijs R. Koymans
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
Antonio Cascella
Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), 56126 Pisa, Italy
Cornelis G. Langereis
Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
Related authors
No articles found.
Erik van der Wiel, Cedric Thieulot, and Douwe van Hinsbergen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.31223/X56971, https://doi.org/10.31223/X56971, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Geodynamic models of mantle convection provide a powerful tool to study the structure and composition of the Earth’s mantle. Comparing such models with other datasets is difficult. We explore the use of 'configurational entropy', which allows to quantify mixing in models. The entropy may be used to analyze the mixed state of the mantle as a whole and may also be useful to validate numerical models against anomalies in the mantle that obtained from seismology and geochemistry.
Alexis Plunder, Cédric Thieulot, and Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen
Solid Earth, 9, 759–776, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-759-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-759-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The thermal state of the Earth's crust determines how it reacts to tectonic forces and to fluid flow responsible for ore formation. We hypothesize that the angle between plate motion and convergent boundaries determines the thermal regime of subduction zones (where a plate goes under another one). Computer models and a geological reconstruction of Turkey were used to validate this hypothesis.
This research was done to validate a hypothesis made on the basis of nonquantitative field data.
Michiel Baatsen, Douwe J. J. van Hinsbergen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Henk A. Dijkstra, Appy Sluijs, Hemmo A. Abels, and Peter K. Bijl
Clim. Past, 12, 1635–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1635-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1635-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
One of the major difficulties in modelling palaeoclimate is constricting the boundary conditions, causing significant discrepancies between different studies. Here, a new method is presented to automate much of the process of generating the necessary geographical reconstructions. The latter can be made using various rotational frameworks and topography/bathymetry input, allowing for easy inter-comparisons and the incorporation of the latest insights from geoscientific research.
G. Hoareau, B. Bomou, D. J. J. van Hinsbergen, N. Carry, D. Marquer, Y. Donnadieu, G. Le Hir, B. Vrielynck, and A.-V. Walter-Simonnet
Clim. Past, 11, 1751–1767, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1751-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1751-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of Neo-Tethys closure on early Cenozoic warming has been tested. First, the volume of subducted sediments and the amount of CO2 emitted along the northern Tethys margin has been calculated. Second, corresponding pCO2 have been tested using the GEOCLIM model. Despite high CO2 production, maximum pCO2 values (750ppm) do not reach values inferred from proxies. Other cited sources of excess CO2 such as the NAIP are also below fluxes required by GEOCLIM to fit with proxy data.
D. J. J. van Hinsbergen, M. Mensink, C. G. Langereis, M. Maffione, L. Spalluto, M. Tropeano, and L. Sabato
Solid Earth, 5, 611–629, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-611-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-611-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Tectonics
Extensional exhumation of cratons: insights from the Early Cretaceous Rio Negro–Juruena belt (Amazonian Craton, Colombia)
Hydrogen solubility of stishovite provides insights into water transportation to the deep Earth
Networks of geometrically coherent faults accommodate Alpine tectonic inversion offshore southwestern Iberia
Oblique rifting triggered by slab tearing: the case of the Alboran rifted margin in the eastern Betics
Melt-enhanced strain localization and phase mixing in a large-scale mantle shear zone (Ronda peridotite, Spain)
Selective inversion of rift basins in lithospheric-scale analogue experiments
The link between Somalian Plate rotation and the East African Rift System: an analogue modelling study
Inversion of extensional basins parallel and oblique to their boundaries: inferences from analogue models and field observations from the Dolomites Indenter, European eastern Southern Alps
Magnetic fabric analyses of basin inversion: a sandbox modelling approach
Tectonic interactions during rift linkage: insights from analog and numerical experiments
The influence of crustal strength on rift geometry and development – insights from 3D numerical modelling
Construction of the Ukrainian Carpathian wedge from low-temperature thermochronology and tectono-stratigraphic analysis
Analogue modelling of basin inversion: a review and future perspectives
Insights into the interaction of a shale with CO2
Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Slyne Basin
Assessing the role of thermal disequilibrium in the evolution of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary: an idealized model of heat exchange during channelized melt transport
Control of crustal strength, tectonic inheritance, and stretching/ shortening rates on crustal deformation and basin reactivation: insights from laboratory models
Numerical simulation of contemporary kinematics at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and its implications for seismic hazard assessment
Late Cretaceous–early Palaeogene inversion-related tectonic structures at the northeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif (southwestern Poland and northern Czechia)
A tectonic-rules-based mantle reference frame since 1 billion years ago – implications for supercontinent cycles and plate–mantle system evolution
An efficient partial-differential-equation-based method to compute pressure boundary conditions in regional geodynamic models
The analysis of slip tendency of major tectonic faults in Germany
Earthquake ruptures and topography of the Chilean margin controlled by plate interface deformation
Together but separate: decoupled Variscan (late Carboniferous) and Alpine (Late Cretaceous–Paleogene) inversion tectonics in NW Poland
Late Quaternary faulting in the southern Matese (Italy): implications for earthquake potential and slip rate variability in the southern Apennines
The topographic signature of temperature-controlled rheological transitions in an accretionary prism
Rare earth elements associated with carbonatite–alkaline complexes in western Rajasthan, India: exploration targeting at regional scale
Exhumation and erosion of the Northern Apennines, Italy: new insights from low-temperature thermochronometers
Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity in the Pollino area (Calabria–Lucania, southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building
The Mid Atlantic Appalachian Orogen Traverse: a comparison of virtual and on-location field-based capstone experiences
Chronology of thrust propagation from an updated tectono-sedimentary framework of the Miocene molasse (western Alps)
Orogenic lithosphere and slabs in the greater Alpine area – interpretations based on teleseismic P-wave tomography
Ground-penetrating radar signature of Quaternary faulting: a study from the Mt. Pollino region, southern Apennines, Italy
U–Pb dating of middle Eocene–Pliocene multiple tectonic pulses in the Alpine foreland
Detrital zircon provenance record of the Zagros mountain building from the Neotethys obduction to the Arabia–Eurasia collision, NW Zagros fold–thrust belt, Kurdistan region of Iraq
The Subhercynian Basin: an example of an intraplate foreland basin due to a broken plate
Late to post-Variscan basement segmentation and differential exhumation along the SW Bohemian Massif, central Europe
Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Dinaric Fault System, western Slovenia
Contribution of gravity gliding in salt-bearing rift basins – a new experimental setup for simulating salt tectonics under the influence of sub-salt extension and tilting
3D crustal stress state of Germany according to a data-calibrated geomechanical model
Thick- and thin-skinned basin inversion in the Danish Central Graben, North Sea – the role of deep evaporites and basement kinematics
Complex rift patterns, a result of interacting crustal and mantle weaknesses, or multiphase rifting? Insights from analogue models
Interactions of plutons and detachments: a comparison of Aegean and Tyrrhenian granitoids
Insights from elastic thermobarometry into exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks from Syros, Greece
Stress rotation – impact and interaction of rock stiffness and faults
Looking beyond kinematics: 3D thermo-mechanical modelling reveals the dynamics of transform margins
Conditional probability of distributed surface rupturing during normal-faulting earthquakes
Late Cretaceous to Paleogene exhumation in central Europe – localized inversion vs. large-scale domal uplift
Kinematics and extent of the Piemont–Liguria Basin – implications for subduction processes in the Alps
Contrasting exhumation histories and relief development within the Three Rivers Region (south-east Tibet)
Ana Fonseca, Simon Nachtergaele, Amed Bonilla, Stijn Dewaele, and Johan De Grave
Solid Earth, 15, 329–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-329-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the erosion and exhumation processes and history of early continental crust hidden within the Amazonian Rainforest. This crust forms part of the Amazonian Craton, an ancient continental fragment. Our surprising findings reveal the area underwent rapid early Cretaceous exhumation triggered by tectonic forces. This discovery challenges the traditional perception that cratons are stable and long-lived entities and shows they can deform readily under specific geological contexts.
Mengdan Chen, Changxin Yin, Danling Chen, Long Tian, Liang Liu, and Lei Kang
Solid Earth, 15, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Stishovite remains stable under mantle conditions and can incorporate various amounts of water in its crystal structure. We provide a systematic review of previous studies on water in stishovite and propose a new model for water solubility of Al-bearing stishovite. Calculation results based on this model suggest that stishovite may effectively accommodate water from the breakdown of hydrous minerals and could make an important contribution to water enrichment in the mantle transition zone.
Tiago M. Alves
Solid Earth, 15, 39–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-15-39-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine tectonic inversion is reviewed for southwestern Iberia, known for its historical earthquakes and tsunamis. High-quality 2D seismic data image 26 faults mapped to a depth exceeding 10 km. Normal faults accommodated important vertical uplift and shortening. They are 100–250 km long and may generate earthquakes with Mw > 8.0. Regions of Late Mesozoic magmatism comprise thickened, harder crust, forming lateral buttresses to compression and promoting the development of fold-and-thrust belts.
Marine Larrey, Frédéric Mouthereau, Damien Do Couto, Emmanuel Masini, Anthony Jourdon, Sylvain Calassou, and Véronique Miegebielle
Solid Earth, 14, 1221–1244, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1221-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1221-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Extension leading to the formation of ocean–continental transition can be highly oblique to the main direction of crustal thinning. Here we explore the case of a continental margin exposed in the Betics that developed in a back-arc setting perpendicular to the direction of the retreating Gibraltar subduction. We show that transtension is the main mode of crustal deformation that led to the development of metamorphic domes and extensional intramontane basins.
Sören Tholen, Jolien Linckens, and Gernold Zulauf
Solid Earth, 14, 1123–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-1123-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Intense phase mixing with homogeneously distributed secondary phases and irregular grain boundaries and shapes indicates that metasomatism formed the microstructures predominant in the shear zone of the NW Ronda peridotite. Amphibole presence, olivine crystal orientations, and the consistency to the Beni Bousera peridotite (Morocco) point to OH-bearing metasomatism by small fractions of evolved melts. Results confirm a strong link between reactions and localized deformation in the upper mantle.
Anindita Samsu, Weronika Gorczyk, Timothy Chris Schmid, Peter Graham Betts, Alexander Ramsay Cruden, Eleanor Morton, and Fatemeh Amirpoorsaeed
Solid Earth, 14, 909–936, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-909-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
When a continent is pulled apart, it breaks and forms a series of depressions called rift basins. These basins lie above weakened crust that is then subject to intense deformation during subsequent tectonic compression. Our analogue experiments show that when a system of basins is squeezed in a direction perpendicular to the main trend of the basins, some basins rise up to form mountains while others do not.
Frank Zwaan and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-823-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The East African Rift System (EARS) is a major plate tectonic feature splitting the African continent apart. Understanding the tectonic processes involved is of great importance for societal and economic reasons (natural hazards, resources). Laboratory experiments allow us to simulate these large-scale processes, highlighting the links between rotational plate motion and the overall development of the EARS. These insights are relevant when studying other rift systems around the globe as well.
Anna-Katharina Sieberer, Ernst Willingshofer, Thomas Klotz, Hugo Ortner, and Hannah Pomella
Solid Earth, 14, 647–681, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-647-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Through analogue models and field observations, we investigate how inherited platform–basin geometries control strain localisation, style, and orientation of reactivated and new structures during inversion. Our study shows that the style of evolving thrusts and their changes along-strike are controlled by pre-existing rheological discontinuities. The results of this study are relevant for understanding inversion structures in general and for the European eastern Southern Alps in particular.
Thorben Schöfisch, Hemin Koyi, and Bjarne Almqvist
Solid Earth, 14, 447–461, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-447-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A magnetic fabric analysis provides information about the reorientation of magnetic grains and is applied to three sandbox models that simulate different stages of basin inversion. The analysed magnetic fabrics reflect the different developed structures and provide insights into the different deformed stages of basin inversion. It is a first attempt of applying magnetic fabric analyses to basin inversion sandbox models but shows the possibility of applying it to such models.
Timothy Chris Schmid, Sascha Brune, Anne Glerum, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 14, 389–407, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-389-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental rifts form by linkage of individual rift segments and disturb the regional stress field. We use analog and numerical models of such rift segment interactions to investigate the linkage of deformation and stresses and subsequent stress deflections from the regional stress pattern. This local stress re-orientation eventually causes rift deflection when multiple rift segments compete for linkage with opposingly propagating segments and may explain rift deflection as observed in nature.
Thomas B. Phillips, John B. Naliboff, Ken J. W. McCaffrey, Sophie Pan, Jeroen van Hunen, and Malte Froemchen
Solid Earth, 14, 369–388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-369-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Continental crust comprises bodies of varying strength, formed through numerous tectonic events. When subject to extension, these areas produce distinct rift and fault systems. We use 3D models to examine how rifts form above
strongand
weakareas of crust. We find that faults become more developed in weak areas. Faults are initially stopped at the boundaries with stronger areas before eventually breaking through. We relate our model observations to rift systems globally.
Marion Roger, Arjan de Leeuw, Peter van der Beek, Laurent Husson, Edward R. Sobel, Johannes Glodny, and Matthias Bernet
Solid Earth, 14, 153–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the construction of the Ukrainian Carpathians with LT thermochronology (AFT, AHe, and ZHe) and stratigraphic analysis. QTQt thermal models are combined with burial diagrams to retrieve the timing and magnitude of sedimentary burial, tectonic burial, and subsequent exhumation of the wedge's nappes from 34 to ∼12 Ma. Out-of-sequence thrusting and sediment recycling during wedge building are also identified. This elucidates the evolution of a typical wedge in a roll-back subduction zone.
Frank Zwaan, Guido Schreurs, Susanne J. H. Buiter, Oriol Ferrer, Riccardo Reitano, Michael Rudolf, and Ernst Willingshofer
Solid Earth, 13, 1859–1905, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1859-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
When a sedimentary basin is subjected to compressional tectonic forces after its formation, it may be inverted. A thorough understanding of such
basin inversionis of great importance for scientific, societal, and economic reasons, and analogue tectonic models form a key part of our efforts to study these processes. We review the advances in the field of basin inversion modelling, showing how the modelling results can be applied, and we identify promising venues for future research.
Eleni Stavropoulou and Lyesse Laloui
Solid Earth, 13, 1823–1841, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1823-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Shales are identified as suitable caprock formations for geolocigal CO2 storage thanks to their low permeability. Here, small-sized shale samples are studied under field-representative conditions with X-ray tomography. The geochemical impact of CO2 on calcite-rich zones is for the first time visualised, the role of pre-existing micro-fissures in the CO2 invasion trapping in the matererial is highlighted, and the initiation of micro-cracks when in contact with anhydrous CO2 is demonstrated.
Conor M. O'Sullivan, Conrad J. Childs, Muhammad M. Saqab, John J. Walsh, and Patrick M. Shannon
Solid Earth, 13, 1649–1671, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1649-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Slyne Basin is a sedimentary basin located offshore north-western Ireland. It formed through a long and complex evolution involving distinct periods of extension. The basin is subdivided into smaller basins, separated by deep structures related to the ancient Caledonian mountain-building event. These deep structures influence the shape of the basin as it evolves in a relatively unique way, where early faults follow these deep structures, but later faults do not.
Mousumi Roy
Solid Earth, 13, 1415–1430, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates one of the key processes that may lead to the destruction and destabilization of continental tectonic plates: the infiltration of buoyant, hot, molten rock (magma) into the base of the plate. Using simple calculations, I suggest that heating during melt–rock interaction may thermally perturb the tectonic plate, weakening it and potentially allowing it to be reshaped from beneath. Geochemical, petrologic, and geologic observations are used to guide model parameters.
Benjamin Guillaume, Guido M. Gianni, Jean-Jacques Kermarrec, and Khaled Bock
Solid Earth, 13, 1393–1414, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1393-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Under tectonic forces, the upper part of the crust can break along different types of faults, depending on the orientation of the applied stresses. Using scaled analogue models, we show that the relative magnitude of compressional and extensional forces as well as the presence of inherited structures resulting from previous stages of deformation control the location and type of faults. Our results gives insights into the tectonic evolution of areas showing complex patterns of deformation.
Liming Li, Xianrui Li, Fanyan Yang, Lili Pan, and Jingxiong Tian
Solid Earth, 13, 1371–1391, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1371-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1371-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We constructed a three-dimensional numerical geomechanics model to obtain the continuous slip rates of active faults and crustal velocities in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Based on the analysis of the fault kinematics in the study area, we evaluated the possibility of earthquakes occurring in the main faults in the area, and analyzed the crustal deformation mechanism of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.
Andrzej Głuszyński and Paweł Aleksandrowski
Solid Earth, 13, 1219–1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Old seismic data recently reprocessed with modern software allowed us to study at depth the Late Cretaceous tectonic structures in the Permo-Mesozoic rock sequences in the Sudetes. The structures formed in response to Iberia collision with continental Europe. The NE–SW compression undulated the crystalline basement top and produced folds, faults and joints in the sedimentary cover. Our results are of importance for regional geology and in prospecting for deep thermal waters.
R. Dietmar Müller, Nicolas Flament, John Cannon, Michael G. Tetley, Simon E. Williams, Xianzhi Cao, Ömer F. Bodur, Sabin Zahirovic, and Andrew Merdith
Solid Earth, 13, 1127–1159, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1127-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We have built a community model for the evolution of the Earth's plate–mantle system. Created with open-source software and an open-access plate model, it covers the last billion years, including the formation, breakup, and dispersal of two supercontinents, as well as the creation and destruction of numerous ocean basins. The model allows us to
seeinto the Earth in 4D and helps us unravel the connections between surface tectonics and the
beating heartof the Earth, its convecting mantle.
Anthony Jourdon and Dave A. May
Solid Earth, 13, 1107–1125, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1107-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1107-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study we present a method to compute a reference pressure based on density structure in which we cast the problem in terms of a partial differential equation (PDE). We show in the context of 3D models of continental rifting that using the pressure as a boundary condition within the flow problem results in non-cylindrical velocity fields, producing strain localization in the lithosphere along large-scale strike-slip shear zones and allowing the formation and evolution of triple junctions.
Luisa Röckel, Steffen Ahlers, Birgit Müller, Karsten Reiter, Oliver Heidbach, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, and Frank Schilling
Solid Earth, 13, 1087–1105, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Reactivation of tectonic faults can lead to earthquakes and jeopardize underground operations. The reactivation potential is linked to fault properties and the tectonic stress field. We create 3D geometries for major faults in Germany and use stress data from a 3D geomechanical–numerical model to calculate their reactivation potential and compare it to seismic events. The reactivation potential in general is highest for NNE–SSW- and NW–SE-striking faults and strongly depends on the fault dip.
Nadaya Cubas, Philippe Agard, and Roxane Tissandier
Solid Earth, 13, 779–792, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquake extent prediction is limited by our poor understanding of slip deficit patterns. From a mechanical analysis applied along the Chilean margin, we show that earthquakes are bounded by extensive plate interface deformation. This deformation promotes stress build-up, leading to earthquake nucleation; earthquakes then propagate along smoothed fault planes and are stopped by heterogeneously distributed deformation. Slip deficit patterns reflect the spatial distribution of this deformation.
Piotr Krzywiec, Mateusz Kufrasa, Paweł Poprawa, Stanisław Mazur, Małgorzata Koperska, and Piotr Ślemp
Solid Earth, 13, 639–658, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-639-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-639-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Legacy 2-D seismic data with newly acquired 3-D seismic data were used to construct a new model of geological evolution of NW Poland over last 400 Myr. It illustrates how the destruction of the Caledonian orogen in the Late Devonian–early Carboniferous led to half-graben formation, how they were inverted in the late Carboniferous, how the study area evolved during the formation of the Permo-Mesozoic Polish Basin and how supra-evaporitic structures were inverted in the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene.
Paolo Boncio, Eugenio Auciello, Vincenzo Amato, Pietro Aucelli, Paola Petrosino, Anna C. Tangari, and Brian R. Jicha
Solid Earth, 13, 553–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-553-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the Gioia Sannitica normal fault (GF) within the southern Matese fault system (SMF) in southern Apennines (Italy). It is a fault with a long slip history that has experienced recent reactivation or acceleration. Present activity has resulted in late Quaternary fault scarps and Holocene surface faulting. The maximum slip rate is ~ 0.5 mm/yr. Activation of the 11.5 km GF or the entire 30 km SMF can produce up to M 6.2 or M 6.8 earthquakes, respectively.
Sepideh Pajang, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, and Nadaya Cubas
Solid Earth, 13, 535–551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-535-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-535-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The local topographic slope of an accretionary prism is often used to determine the effective friction on subduction megathrust. We investigate how the brittle–ductile and the smectite–illite transitions affect the topographic slope of an accretionary prism and its internal deformation to provide clues to determine the origin of observed low topographic slopes in subduction zones. We finally discuss their implications in terms of the forearc basin and forearc high genesis and nature.
Malcolm Aranha, Alok Porwal, Manikandan Sundaralingam, Ignacio González-Álvarez, Amber Markan, and Karunakar Rao
Solid Earth, 13, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-497-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rare earth elements (REEs) are considered critical mineral resources for future industrial growth due to their short supply and rising demand. This study applied an artificial-intelligence-based technique to target potential REE-deposit hosting areas in western Rajasthan, India. Uncertainties associated with the prospective targets were also estimated to aid decision-making. The presented workflow can be applied to similar regions elsewhere to locate potential zones of REE mineralisation.
Erica D. Erlanger, Maria Giuditta Fellin, and Sean D. Willett
Solid Earth, 13, 347–365, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-347-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-347-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present an erosion rate analysis on dated rock and sediment from the Northern Apennine Mountains, Italy, which provides new insights on the pattern of erosion rates through space and time. This analysis shows decreasing erosion through time on the Ligurian side but increasing erosion through time on the Adriatic side. We suggest that the pattern of erosion rates is consistent with the present asymmetric topography in the Northern Apennines, which has likely existed for several million years.
Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Totaro, Giusy Lavecchia, Barbara Orecchio, Rita de Nardis, Debora Presti, Federica Ferrarini, Simone Bello, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 13, 205–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-205-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Pollino region is a highly seismic area of Italy. Increasing the geological knowledge on areas like this contributes to reducing risk and saving lives. We reconstruct the 3D model of the faults which generated the 2010–2014 seismicity integrating geological and seismological data. Appropriate relationships based on the dimensions of the activated faults suggest that they did not fully discharge their seismic potential and could release further significant earthquakes in the near future.
Steven Whitmeyer, Lynn Fichter, Anita Marshall, and Hannah Liddle
Solid Earth, 12, 2803–2820, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2803-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Field trips in the Stratigraphy, Structure, Tectonics (SST) course transitioned to a virtual format in Fall 2020, due to the COVID pandemic. Virtual field experiences (VFEs) were developed in web Google Earth and were evaluated in comparison with on-location field trips via an online survey. Students recognized the value of VFEs for revisiting outcrops and noted improved accessibility for students with disabilities. Potential benefits of hybrid field experiences were also indicated.
Amir Kalifi, Philippe Hervé Leloup, Philippe Sorrel, Albert Galy, François Demory, Vincenzo Spina, Bastien Huet, Frédéric Quillévéré, Frédéric Ricciardi, Daniel Michoux, Kilian Lecacheur, Romain Grime, Bernard Pittet, and Jean-Loup Rubino
Solid Earth, 12, 2735–2771, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2735-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Molasse deposits, deposited and deformed at the western Alpine front during the Miocene (23 to 5.6 Ma), record the chronology of that deformation. We combine the first precise chronostratigraphy (precision of ∼0.5 Ma) of the Miocene molasse, the reappraisal of the regional structure, and the analysis of growth deformation structures in order to document three tectonic phases and the precise chronology of thrust westward propagation during the second one involving the Belledonne basal thrust.
Mark R. Handy, Stefan M. Schmid, Marcel Paffrath, Wolfgang Friederich, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 2633–2669, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
New images from the multi-national AlpArray experiment illuminate the Alps from below. They indicate thick European mantle descending beneath the Alps and forming blobs that are mostly detached from the Alps above. In contrast, the Adriatic mantle in the Alps is much thinner. This difference helps explain the rugged mountains and the abundance of subducted and exhumed units at the core of the Alps. The blobs are stretched remnants of old ocean and its margins that reach down to at least 410 km.
Maurizio Ercoli, Daniele Cirillo, Cristina Pauselli, Harry M. Jol, and Francesco Brozzetti
Solid Earth, 12, 2573–2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2573-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Past strong earthquakes can produce topographic deformations, often
memorizedin Quaternary sediments, which are typically studied by paleoseismologists through trenching. Using a ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we unveiled possible buried Quaternary faulting in the Mt. Pollino seismic gap region (southern Italy). We aim to contribute to seismic hazard assessment of an area potentially prone to destructive events as well as promote our workflow in similar contexts around the world.
Luca Smeraglia, Nathan Looser, Olivier Fabbri, Flavien Choulet, Marcel Guillong, and Stefano M. Bernasconi
Solid Earth, 12, 2539–2551, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we dated fault movements at geological timescales which uplifted the sedimentary successions of the Jura Mountains from below the sea level up to Earth's surface. To do so, we applied the novel technique of U–Pb geochronology on calcite mineralizations that precipitated on fault surfaces during times of tectonic activity. Our results document a time frame of the tectonic evolution of the Jura Mountains and provide new insight into the broad geological history of the Western Alps.
Renas I. Koshnaw, Fritz Schlunegger, and Daniel F. Stockli
Solid Earth, 12, 2479–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2479-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
As continental plates collide, mountain belts grow. This study investigated the provenance of rocks from the northwestern segment of the Zagros mountain belt to unravel the convergence history of the Arabian and Eurasian plates. Provenance data synthesis and field relationships suggest that the Zagros Mountains developed as a result of the oceanic crust emplacement on the Arabian continental plate, followed by the Arabia–Eurasia collision and later uplift of the broader region.
David Hindle and Jonas Kley
Solid Earth, 12, 2425–2438, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Central western Europe underwent a strange episode of lithospheric deformation, resulting in a chain of small mountains that run almost west–east across the continent and that formed in the middle of a tectonic plate, not at its edges as is usually expected. Associated with these mountains, in particular the Harz in central Germany, are marine basins contemporaneous with the mountain growth. We explain how those basins came to be as a result of the mountains bending the adjacent plate.
Andreas Eberts, Hamed Fazlikhani, Wolfgang Bauer, Harald Stollhofen, Helga de Wall, and Gerald Gabriel
Solid Earth, 12, 2277–2301, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2277-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We combine gravity anomaly and topographic data with observations from thermochronology, metamorphic grades, and the granite inventory to detect patterns of basement block segmentation and differential exhumation along the southwestern Bohemian Massif. Based on our analyses, we introduce a previously unknown tectonic structure termed Cham Fault, which, together with the Pfahl and Danube shear zones, is responsible for the exposure of different crustal levels during late to post-Variscan times.
Christoph Grützner, Simone Aschenbrenner, Petra Jamšek
Rupnik, Klaus Reicherter, Nour Saifelislam, Blaž Vičič, Marko Vrabec, Julian Welte, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 12, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several large strike-slip faults in western Slovenia are known to be active, but most of them have not produced strong earthquakes in historical times. In this study we use geomorphology, near-surface geophysics, and fault excavations to show that two of these faults had surface-rupturing earthquakes during the Holocene. Instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area.
Michael Warsitzka, Prokop Závada, Fabian Jähne-Klingberg, and Piotr Krzywiec
Solid Earth, 12, 1987–2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1987-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A new analogue modelling approach was used to simulate the influence of tectonic extension and tilting of the basin floor on salt tectonics in rift basins. Our results show that downward salt flow and gravity gliding takes place if the flanks of the rift basin are tilted. Thus, extension occurs at the basin margins, which is compensated for by reduced extension and later by shortening in the graben centre. These outcomes improve the reconstruction of salt-related structures in rift basins.
Steffen Ahlers, Andreas Henk, Tobias Hergert, Karsten Reiter, Birgit Müller, Luisa Röckel, Oliver Heidbach, Sophia Morawietz, Magdalena Scheck-Wenderoth, and Denis Anikiev
Solid Earth, 12, 1777–1799, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Knowledge about the stress state in the upper crust is of great importance for many economic and scientific questions. However, our knowledge in Germany is limited since available datasets only provide pointwise, incomplete and heterogeneous information. We present the first 3D geomechanical model that provides a continuous description of the contemporary crustal stress state for Germany. The model is calibrated by the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress and stress magnitudes.
Torsten Hundebøl Hansen, Ole Rønø Clausen, and Katrine Juul Andresen
Solid Earth, 12, 1719–1747, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1719-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We have analysed the role of deep salt layers during tectonic shortening of a group of sedimentary basins buried below the North Sea. Due to the ability of salt to flow over geological timescales, the salt layers are much weaker than the surrounding rocks during tectonic deformation. Therefore, complex structures formed mainly where salt was present in our study area. Our results align with findings from other basins and experiments, underlining the importance of salt tectonics.
Frank Zwaan, Pauline Chenin, Duncan Erratt, Gianreto Manatschal, and Guido Schreurs
Solid Earth, 12, 1473–1495, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1473-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used laboratory experiments to simulate the early evolution of rift systems, and the influence of structural weaknesses left over from previous tectonic events that can localize new deformation. We find that the orientation and type of such weaknesses can induce complex structures with different orientations during a single phase of rifting, instead of requiring multiple rifting phases. These findings provide a strong incentive to reassess the tectonic history of various natural examples.
Laurent Jolivet, Laurent Arbaret, Laetitia Le Pourhiet, Florent Cheval-Garabédian, Vincent Roche, Aurélien Rabillard, and Loïc Labrousse
Solid Earth, 12, 1357–1388, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1357-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Although viscosity of the crust largely exceeds that of magmas, we show, based on the Aegean and Tyrrhenian Miocene syn-kinematic plutons, how the intrusion of granites in extensional contexts is controlled by crustal deformation, from magmatic stage to cold mylonites. We show that a simple numerical setup with partial melting in the lower crust in an extensional context leads to the formation of metamorphic core complexes and low-angle detachments reproducing the observed evolution of plutons.
Miguel Cisneros, Jaime D. Barnes, Whitney M. Behr, Alissa J. Kotowski, Daniel F. Stockli, and Konstantinos Soukis
Solid Earth, 12, 1335–1355, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1335-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1335-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Constraining the conditions at which rocks form is crucial for understanding geologic processes. For years, the conditions under which rocks from Syros, Greece, formed have remained enigmatic; yet these rocks are fundamental for understanding processes occurring at the interface between colliding tectonic plates (subduction zones). Here, we constrain conditions under which these rocks formed and show they were transported to the surface adjacent to the down-going (subducting) tectonic plate.
Karsten Reiter
Solid Earth, 12, 1287–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1287-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The influence and interaction of elastic material properties (Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio), density and low-friction faults on the resulting far-field stress pattern in the Earth's crust is tested with generic models. A Young's modulus contrast can lead to a significant stress rotation. Discontinuities with low friction in homogeneous models change the stress pattern only slightly, away from the fault. In addition, active discontinuities are able to compensate stress rotation.
Anthony Jourdon, Charlie Kergaravat, Guillaume Duclaux, and Caroline Huguen
Solid Earth, 12, 1211–1232, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The borders between oceans and continents, called margins, can be convergent, divergent, or horizontally sliding. The formation of oceans occurs in a divergent context. However, some divergent margin structures display an accommodation of horizontal sliding during the opening of oceans. To study and understand how the horizontal sliding part occurring during divergence influences the margin structure, we performed 3D high-resolution numerical models evolving during tens of millions of years.
Maria Francesca Ferrario and Franz Livio
Solid Earth, 12, 1197–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1197-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1197-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Moderate to strong earthquakes commonly produce surface faulting, either along the primary fault or as distributed rupture on nearby faults. Hazard assessment for distributed normal faulting is based on empirical relations derived almost 15 years ago. In this study, we derive updated empirical regressions of the probability of distributed faulting as a function of distance from the primary fault, and we propose a conservative scenario to consider the full spectrum of potential rupture.
Hilmar von Eynatten, Jonas Kley, István Dunkl, Veit-Enno Hoffmann, and Annemarie Simon
Solid Earth, 12, 935–958, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-935-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-935-2021, 2021
Eline Le Breton, Sascha Brune, Kamil Ustaszewski, Sabin Zahirovic, Maria Seton, and R. Dietmar Müller
Solid Earth, 12, 885–913, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-885-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The former Piemont–Liguria Ocean, which separated Europe from Africa–Adria in the Jurassic, opened as an arm of the central Atlantic. Using plate reconstructions and geodynamic modeling, we show that the ocean reached only 250 km width between Europe and Adria. Moreover, at least 65 % of the lithosphere subducted into the mantle and/or incorporated into the Alps during convergence in Cretaceous and Cenozoic times comprised highly thinned continental crust, while only 35 % was truly oceanic.
Xiong Ou, Anne Replumaz, and Peter van der Beek
Solid Earth, 12, 563–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The low-relief, mean-elevation Baima Xueshan massif experienced slow exhumation at a rate of 0.01 km/Myr since at least 22 Ma and then regional rock uplift at 0.25 km/Myr since ~10 Ma. The high-relief, high-elevation Kawagebo massif shows much stronger local rock uplift related to the motion along a west-dipping thrust fault, at a rate of 0.45 km/Myr since at least 10 Ma, accelerating to 1.86 km/Myr since 1.6 Ma. Mekong River incision plays a minor role in total exhumation in both massifs.
Cited articles
Advokaat, E. L., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Kaymakci, N., Vissers, R. L. M., and Hendriks, B. W. H.: Late Cretaceous extension and Palaeogene rotation-related contraction in central Anatolia recorded in the Ayhan–Büyükkışla basin, Int. Geol. Rev., 56, 1813–1836, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2014.954279, 2014.
Akyuz, H. S., Ucarkus, G., Altunel, E., Dogan, B., and Dikbas, A.: Paleoseismological investigations on a slow-moving active fault in central Anatolia, Tecer Fault, Sivas, Ann. Geophys., 55, https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-5444, 2013.
Alan, I., Şahin, Ş., and Bakırhan, B.: Turkish Geological Map Series, Adana N33, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Ankara, 2011.
Atabey, E., Göncüoglu, M. C., and Turhan, N.: Turkish Geological Map Series, Kozan M33 (J19), General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Ankara, 1990.
Barrier, E. and Vrielynck, B.: Palaeotectonic maps of the middle east – Middle Aptian, in: Atlas of 14 maps at 1/18 500 000, CGMW, Paris, France, 2008.
Baydemir, N.: Palaeomagnetism of the Eocene volcanic rocks in the eastern Black Sea region, J. Earth Sci., 7, 167–176, 1990.
Blumenthal, M. M.: Yüksek Bolkardağın kuzey kenar bölgelerinin ve batı uzantılarının jeolojisi: (Güney Anadolu Torosları), Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü, Ankara, 1956.
Boztuğ, D., Jonckheere, R. C., Heizler, M., Ratschbacher, L., Harlavan, Y., and Tichomirova, M.: Timing of post-obduction granitoids from intrusion through cooling to exhumation in central Anatolia, Turkey, Tectonophysics, 473, 223–233, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.05.035, 2009.
Butler, R. F.: Paleomagnetism: Magnetic Domains to Geologic Terranes, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992.
Callot, J.-P., Ribes, C., Kergaravat, C., Bonnel, C., Temiz, H., Poisson, A., Vrielynck, B., Salel, J.-F., and Ringenbach, J.-C.: Salt tectonics in the Sivas Basin (Turkey): crossing salt walls and minibasins, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 185, 33–42, 2014.
Cater, J. M. L., Hanna, S. S., Ries, A. C., and Turner, P.: Tertiary evolution of the Sivas Basin, central Turkey, Tectonophysics, 195, 29–46, 1991.
Channell, J. E. T., Tüysüz, O. O. B., and Şengör, A. M. C.: Cretaceous paleomagnetism and paleogeography of the Pontides (Turkey), Tectonics, 15, 201–212, 1996.
Çinku, M. C., Hisarlı, Z. M., Heller, F., Orbay, N., and Ustaömer, T.: Middle Eocene paleomagnetic data from the eastern Sakarya Zone and the central Pontides: Implications for the tectonic evolution of north central Anatolia, Tectonics, 30, TC1008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002705, 2011.
Clark, M. and Robertson, A.: The role of the Early Tertiary Ulukisla Basin, southern Turkey, in suturing of the Mesozoic Tethys ocean, J. Geol. Soc. London, 159, 673–690, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764902-015, 2002.
Clark, M. and Robertson, A.: Uppermost Cretaceous–Lower Tertiary Ulukisla Basin, south-central Turkey: sedimentary evolution of part of a unified basin complex within an evolving neotethyan suture zone, Sediment. Geol., 173, 15–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.12.010, 2005.
Çemen, I., Göncüoglu, M. C., and Dirik, K.: Structural evolution of the Tuzgölü Basin in central Anatolia, Turkey, J. Geol., 107, 693–706, 1999.
Çinku, M. C., Hisarli, Z. M., Yılmaz, Y., Ülker, B., Kaya, N., Öksüm, E., Orbay, N., and Özbey, Z. Ü.: The tectonic history of the Niğde–Kırşehir Massif and the Taurides since the Late Mesozoic: paleomagnetic evidence for two-phase orogenic curvature in central Anatolia, Tectonics, 35, 772–811, 2016.
Dankers, P. H. M.: Magnetic properties of dispersed natural iron-oxides of known grain size, PhD Thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 143 pp., 1978.
Dankers, P. H. M. and Zijderveld, J. D. A.: Alternating field demagnetization of rocks, and the problem of gyromagnetic remanence, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 53, 89–92, 1981.
Deenen, M. H. L., Langereis, C. G., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., and Biggin, A. J.: Geomagnetic secular variation and the statistics of palaeomagnetic directions, Geophys. J. Int., 186, 509–520, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2011.05050.x, 2011.
Deenen, M. H. L., Langereis, C. G., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., and Biggin, A. J.: Erratum: Geomagnetic secular variation and the statistics of palaeomagnetic directions, Geophys. J. Int., 197, 643–643, 2014.
Dekkers, M. J.: Magnetic properties of natural pyrrhotite Part I: Behaviour of initial susceptibility and saturation-magnetization-related rock-magnetic parameters in a grain-size dependent framework, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 52, 376–393, 1988.
Demirtasli, E., Turhan, N., Bilgin, A. Z., and Selim, M.: Geology of the Bolkar Mountains, in: Geology of the Taurus Belt, Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Geology of the Taurus Belt, Ankara, Turkey, Mineral Resources and Exploration Institute of Turkey, Ankara, 12–141, 1984.
Dirik, K. and Göncüoglu, M. C.: Neotectonic characteristics of central Anatolia, Int. Geol. Rev., 38, 807–817, 1996.
Dokuz, A., Aydincakir, E., Kandemir, R., Karsli, O., Siebel, W., Derman, A. S., and Turan, M.: Late Jurassic magmatism and stratigraphy in the eastern Sakarya Zone, Turkey: evidence for the slab breakoff of Paleotethyan oceanic lithosphere, J. Geol., 125, 1–31, 2017.
Espurt, N., Hippolyte, J.-C., Kaymakci, N., and Sangu, E.: Lithospheric structural control on inversion of the southern margin of the Black Sea Basin, central Pontides, Turkey, Lithosphere, 6, 26–34, https://doi.org/10.1130/l316.1, 2014.
Fisher, R.: Dispersion on a sphere, P. Roy. Soc. A, 217, 295–305, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1953.0064, 1953.
Gautier, P., Bozkurt, E., Hallot, E., and Dirik, K.: Dating the exhumation of a metamorphic dome: geological evidence for pre-Eocene unroofing of the Nigde Massif (central Anatolia, Turkey), Geol. Mag., 139, 559–576, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756802006751, 2002.
Gautier, P., Bozkurt, E., Bosse, V., Hallot, E., and Dirik, K.: Coeval extensional shearing and lateral underflow during Late Cretaceous core complex development in the Niğde Massif, central Anatolia, Turkey, Tectonics, 27, TC1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC002089, 2008.
Göncüoglu, M. C.: Distribution of Lower Paleozoic rocks in the Alpine terranes of Turkey. Early Paleozoic in NW Gondwana, edited by: Göncüoglu, M. C. and Derman, A. S., Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists Special Publication, 3, 13–23, 1997.
Gülyüz, E., Kaymakci, N., Meijers, M. J. M., Hinsbergen, D. J. J. Van, Lefebvre, C., Vissers, R. L. M., Hendriks, B. W. H., and Peynircioglu, A. A.: Tectonophysics Late Eocene evolution of the Çiçekdağı Basin (central Turkey): syn-sedimentary compression during microcontinent – continent collision in central Anatolia, Tectonophysics, 602, 286–299, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.07.003, 2013.
Gürer, D., van Hinsbergen, D. J., Matenco, L., Corfu, F., and Cascella, A.: Kinematics of a former oceanic plate of the Neotethys revealed by deformation in the Ulukışla Basin (Turkey), Tectonics, 35, 2385–2416, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016TC004206, 2016.
Gürer, D., Plunder, A., Kirst, F., Corfu, F., Schmid, S. M., and van Hinsbergen, D. J. J.: A long-lived Late Cretaceous–Early Eocene extensional province in Anatolia? Structural evidence from the Ivriz Detachment, southern central Turkey, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 481, 111–124, 2018.
Gürer, D., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Özkaptan, M., Creton, I., Koymans, M. R., Cascella, A., and Langereis, C. G.: Paleomagnetic dataset: constraints on the timing and distribution of Cenozoic rotations in Central and Eastern Anatolia, PANGAEA, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.887421, 2018.
Gürsoy, H., Tatar, O., Piper, J. D. A., Koçbulut, F., Akpınar, Z., Huang, B., Roberts, A. P., and Mesci, B. L.: Palaeomagnetic study of the Kepezdağ and Yamadağ volcanic complexes, central Turkey: neogene tectonic escape and block definition in the central-east Anatolides, J. Geodyn., 51, 308–326, 2011.
Gutnic, M., Monod, O., Poisson, A., and Dumont, J.-F.: Géologie des Taurides occidentales (Turquie), Mem. S. Geo. F., 137, 1–112, 1979.
Heslop, D. and Roberts, A. P.: Analyzing paleomagnetic data: to anchor or not to anchor?, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 7742–7753, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013387, 2016.
Higgins, M., Schoenbohm, L. M., Brocard, G., Kaymakci, N., Gosse, J. C., and Cosca, M. A.: New kinematic and geochronologic evidence for the Quaternary evolution of the Central Anatolian Fault Zone (CAFZ), Tectonics, 34, 2118–2141, 2015.
Hisarlı, Z. M., Çinku, M. C., Ustaömer, T., Keskin, M., and Orbay, N.: Neotectonic deformation in the Eurasia-Arabia collision zone, the East Anatolian Plateau, E Turkey: evidence from palaeomagnetic study of Neogene–Quaternary volcanic rocks, Int. J. Earth Sci., 105, 139–165, 2016.
Isik, V.: The ductile shear zone in granitoid of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey: implications for the origins of the Tuzgölü Basin during the Late Cretaceous extensional deformation, J. Asian Earth Sci., 34, 507–521, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.08.005, 2009.
Isik, V., Lo, C.-H., Göncüoğlu, C., and Demirel, S.: 39Ar/40Ar ages from the Yozgat Batholith: preliminary data on the timing of Late Cretaceous Extension in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey, J. Geol., 116, 510–526, https://doi.org/10.1086/590922, 2008.
Isik, V., Uysal, I. T., Caglayan, A., and Seyitoglu, G.: The evolution of intraplate fault systems in central Turkey: structural evidence and Ar–Ar and Rb–Sr age constraints for the Savcili Fault Zone, Tectonics, 33, 1875–1899, 2014.
Jaffey, N. and Robertson, A. H. F.: New sedimentological and structural data from the Ecemis Fault Zone, southern Turkey: implications for its timing and offset and the Cenozoic tectonic escape of Anatolia, J. Geol. Soc. London, 158, 367–378, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.158.2.367, 2001.
Johnson, C. L., Constable, C. G., Tauxe, L., Barendregt, R., Brown, L. L., Coe, R. S., Layer, P., Mejia, V., Opdyke, N. D., Singer, B. S., and Staudigel, H.: Recent investigations of the 0–5 Ma geomagnetic field recorded by lava flows, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 9, Q04032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GC001696, 008.
Kaymakci, N., Duermeijer, C. E., Langereis, C., White, S. H., and Van Dijk, P. M.: Palaeomagnetic evolution of the Cankiri Basin (central Anatolia, Turkey): implications for oroclinal bending due to indentation, Geol. Mag., 140, 343–355, https://doi.org/10.1017/S001675680300757X, 2003.
Kaymakci, N., Özçelik, Y., White, S. H., and Van Dijk, P. M.: Tectono-stratigraphy of the Çankırı Basin: Late Cretaceous to Early Miocene evolution of the Neotethyan suture zone in Turkey, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 311, 67–106, 2009.
Kaymakci, N., Inceoz, M., Ertepinar, P., and Koc, A.: Late Cretaceous to recent kinematics of SE Anatolia (Turkey), Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 340, 409–435, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP340.18, 2010.
Kergaravat, C., Ribes, C., Legeay, E., Callot, J.-P., Kavak, K. S., and Ringenbach, J.-C.: Minibasins and salt canopy in foreland fold-and-thrust belts: the central Sivas Basin, Turkey, Tectonics, 35, 1342–1366, 2016.
Kirschvink, J. L.: The least-squares line and plane and the analysis of palaeomagnetic data, Geophys. J. Int., 62, 699–718, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1980.tb02601.x, 1980.
Kissel, C., Averbuch, O., de Lamotte, D. F., Monod, O., and Allerton, S.: First paleomagnetic evidence for a post-Eocene clockwise rotation of the western Taurides thrust belt east of the Isparta reentrant (southwestern Turkey), Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 117, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90113-N, 1993.
Kissel, C., Lai, C., Poisson, A., and Görür, N.: Paleomagnetic reconstruction of the Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean, Tectonophysics, 362, 199–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00638-8, 2003.
Koymans, M. R., Langereis, C. G., Pastor-Galán, D., and van Hinsbergen, D. J. J.: Paleomagnetism.org: an online multi-platform open source environment for paleomagnetic data analysis, Comput. Geosci., 93, 127–137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.05.007, 2016.
Krijgsman, W., Duermeijer, C. E., Langereis, C. G., de Bruijn, H., Saraç, G., and Andriessen, P. A. M.: Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene mammal-bearing continental deposits in central Anatolia (Turkey), Newsl. Stratigr., 34, 13–29, 1996.
Langereis, C. G., Sen, S., Sümengen, M., and Ünay, E.: Preliminary magnetostratigraphic results of some neogene mammal localities from Anatolia (Turkey), in: European Neogene Mammal Chronology, NATO ASI Series (Series A: Life Sciences), Vol. 180, Springer, Boston, MA, 515–525, 1990.
Lefebvre, C., Barnhoorn, A., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Kaymakci, N., and Vissers, R. L. M.: Late Cretaceous extensional denudation along a marble detachment fault zone in the Kırşehir Massif near Kaman, central Turkey, J. Struct. Geol., 33, 1220–1236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.06.002, 2011.
Lefebvre, C., Meijers, M. J. M., Kaymakci, N., Peynircioğlu, A., Langereis, C. G., and van Hinsbergen, D. J. J.: Reconstructing the geometry of central Anatolia during the late Cretaceous: large-scale Cenozoic rotations and deformation between the Pontides and Taurides, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 366, 83–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.003, 2013.
Lefebvre, C., Kalijn Peters, M., Wehrens, P. C., Brouwer, F. M., and van Roermund, H. L. M.: Thermal history and extensional exhumation of a high-temperature crystalline complex (Hırkadağ Massif, central Anatolia), Lithos, 238, 156–173, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.09.021, 2015.
Li, S., Advokaat, E. L., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Koymans, M., Deng, C., and Zhu, R.: Paleomagnetic constraints on the Mesozoic–Cenozoic paleolatitudinal and rotational history of Indochina and South China: review and updated kinematic reconstruction, Earth-Sci. Rev., 171, 58–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.05.007, 2017.
Lucifora, S., Cifelli, F., Mattei, M., Sagnotti, L., Cosentino, D., and Roberts, A. P.: Inconsistent magnetic polarities in magnetite-and greigite-bearing sediments: understanding complex magnetizations in the Late Messinian in the Adana Basin (southern Turkey), Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 13, Q10002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004248, 2012.
Lucifora, S., Cifelli, F., Rojay, F. B., and Mattei, M.: Paleomagnetic rotations in the Late Miocene sequence from the Çankırı Basin (central Anatolia, Turkey): the role of strike-slip tectonics, Turk. J. Earth Sci., 22, 778–792, 2013.
McFadden, P. L. and McElhinny, M. W.: The combined analysis of remagnetization circles and direct observations in palaeomagnetism, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 87, 161–172, 1988.
Meijers, M. J. M., Kaymakci, N., Van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Langereis, C. G., Stephenson, R. A., and Hippolyte, J.-C. C.: Late Cretaceous to Paleocene oroclinal bending in the central Pontides (Turkey), Tectonics, 29, TC4016, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009TC002620, 2010.
Meijers, M. J. M., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Dekkers, M. J., Altiner, D., Kaymakci, N., and Langereis, C. G.: Pervasive Palaeogene remagnetization of the central Taurides fold-and-thrust belt (southern Turkey) and implications for rotations in the Isparta Angle, Geophys. J. Int., 184, 1090–1112, 2011.
Meijers, M. J. M., Strauss, B. E., Özkaptan, M., Feinberg, J. M., Mulch, A., Whitney, D. L., and Kaymakci, N.: Age and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of partially remagnetized lacustrine sedimentary rocks (Oligocene Aktoprak Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey), Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 17, 914–939, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC006209, 2016.
Menant, A., Jolivet, L., and Vrielynck, B.: Kinematic reconstructions and magmatic evolution illuminating crustal and mantle dynamics of the eastern Mediterranean region since the Late Cretaceous, Tectonophysics, 675, 103–140, 2016.
Moix, P., Beccaletto, L., Kozur, H. W., Hochard, C., Rosselet, F., and Stampfli, G. M.: A new classification of the Turkish terranes and sutures and its implication for the paleotectonic history of the region, Tectonophysics, 451, 7–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.044, 2008.
Monod, O.: Recherches géologiques dans le Taurus occidental au Sud de Beysehir (Turquie), Univ. Paris Sud, Orsay, France, 1977.
MTA: Geological Map of Turkey, Scale 1 : 500,000, Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, Ankara, 2002.
Mullender, T. A. T., Van Velzen, A. J., and Dekkers, M. J.: Continuous drift correction and separate identification of ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic contributions in thermomagnetic runs, Geophys. J. Int., 114, 663–672, 1993.
Mullender, T. A. T., Frederichs, T., Hilgenfeldt, C., de Groot, L. V., Fabian, K., and Dekkers, M. J.: Automated paleomagnetic and rock magnetic data acquisition with an in-line horizontal “2G” system, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 17, 3546–3559, 2016.
Nikishin, A. M., Okay, A. I., Tüysüz, O., Demirer, A., Amelin, N., and Petrov, E.: The Black Sea basins structure and history: new model based on new deep penetration regional seismic data. Part 1: Basins structure and fill, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 59, 638–655, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.08.017, 2015.
Okay, A. I. and Nikishin, A. M.: Tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Laurasia in the Black Sea region, Int. Geol. Rev., 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2015.1010609, 2015.
Okay, A. I. and Tüysüz, O.: Tethyan sutures of northern Turkey, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 156, 475–515, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.22, 1999.
Okay, A. I., Sunal, G., Tüysüz, O., Sherlock, S., Keskin, M., and Kylander-Clark, A. R. C.: Low-pressure-high-temperature metamorphism during extension in a Jurassic magmatic arc, Central Pontides, Turkey, J. Metamorph. Geol., 32, 49–69, https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12058, 2014.
Oktay, F. Y.: Sedimentary and Tectonic History of the Ulukisla Area, Southern Turkey, University of London, London, 1973.
Oktay, F. Y.: Stratigraphy and geological history of Ulukısla and its surroundings, Bull. Turkish Geol. Soc., 25, 15–23, 1982.
Orbay, N. and Bayburdi, A.: Palaeomagnetism of dykes and tuffs from the Mesudiye region and rotation of Turkey, Geophys. J. Int., 59, 437–444, 1979.
Özdamar, Ş., Billor, M. Z., Sunal, G., Esenli, F., and Roden, M. F.: First U-Pb SHRIMP zircon and 40Ar/39Ar ages of metarhyolites from the Afyon–Bolkardag Zone, SW Turkey: implications for the rifting and closure of the Neo-Tethys, Gondwana Res., 24, 377–391, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.10.006, 2013.
Özgül, N.: Stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of the Central Taurides, Geol. Taurus Belt, 77–90, 1984.
Parlak, O., Colakoglu, A., Donmez, C., Sayak, H., Yildirim, N., Turkel, A., and Odabasi, I.: Geochemistry and tectonic significance of ophiolites along the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan Suture Zone in northeastern Anatolia, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 372, 75–105, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP372.7, 2012.
Passier, H. F., De Lange, G. J., and Dekkers, M. J.: Magnetic properties and geochemistry of the active oxidation front and the youngest sapropel in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Geophys. J. Int., 145, 604–614, 2001.
Pichat, A., Hoareau, G., Callot, J.-P., and Ringenbach, J.-C.: Diagenesis of Oligocene continental sandstones in salt-walled mini-basins – Sivas Basin, Turkey, Sediment. Geol., 339, 13–31, 2016.
Piper, J. D. A., Guersoy, H., Tatar, O., Isseven, T., and Kocyigit, A.: Palaeomagnetic evidence for the Gondwanian origin of the Taurides and rotation of the Isparta Angle, southern Turkey, Geol. J., 37, 317–336, 2002a.
Piper, J. D. A., Gürsoy, H., and Tatar, O.: Palaeomagnetism and magnetic properties of the Cappadocian Ignimbrite Succession, central Turkey and Neogene tectonics of the Anatolian collage, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 117, 237–262, 2002b.
Piper, J. D. A., Koçbulut, F., Gürsoy, H., Tatar, O., Viereck, L., Lepetit, P., Roberts, A. P., and Akpınar, Z.: Palaeomagnetism of the Cappadocian Volcanic Succession, central Turkey: major ignimbrite emplacement during two short (Miocene) episodes and Neogene tectonics of the Anatolian collage, J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 262, 47–67, 2013.
Platzman, E. S., Tapirdamaz, C., and Sanver, M.: Neogene anticlockwise rotation of central Anatolia (Turkey): preliminary palaeomagnetic and geochronological results, Tectonophysics, 299, 175–189, 1998.
Poisson, A., Guezou, J. C., Ozturk, A., Inan, S., Temiz, H., Gürsöy, H., Kavak, K. S., and Özden, S.: Tectonic setting and evolution of the Sivas Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey, Int. Geol. Rev., 38, 838–853, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206819709465366, 1996.
Poisson, A., Vrielynck, B., Wernli, R., Negri, A., Bassetti, M.-A., Büyükmeriç, Y., Özer, S., Guillou, H., Kavak, K. S., Temiz, H., and Orszag-Sperber, F.: Miocene transgression in the central and eastern parts of the Sivas Basin (central Anatolia, Turkey) and the Cenozoic palaeogeographical evolution, Int. J. Earth Sci., 105, 339–368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1248-1, 2016.
Pourteau, A., Sudo, M., Candan, O., Lanari, P., Vidal, O., and Oberhänsli, R.: Neotethys closure history of Anatolia: insights from 40Ar–39Ar geochronology and P–T estimation in high-pressure metasedimentary rocks, J. Metamorph. Geol., 31, 585–606, https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12034, 2013.
Ribes, C., Kergaravat, C., Bonnel, C., Crumeyrolle, P., Callot, J.-P., Poisson, A., Temiz, H., and Ringenbach, J.-C.: Fluvial sedimentation in a salt-controlled mini-basin: stratal patterns and facies assemblages, Sivas Basin, Turkey, Sedimentology, 62, 1513–1545, 2015.
Robertson, A. H., Parlak, O., and Ustaömer, T.: Melange genesis and ophiolite emplacement related to subduction of the northern margin of the Tauride–Anatolide continent, central and western Turkey, Special Publications, Geological Society, London, 311, 9–66, 2009.
Robertson, A. H. F.: Overview of the genesis and emplacement of Mesozoic ophiolites in the Eastern Mediterranean Tethyan region, Lithos, 65, 1–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00160-3, 2002.
Saribudak, M.: New results and a palaeomagnetic overview of the Pontides in northern Turkey, Geophys. J. Int., 99, 521–531, 1989.
Sarıkaya, M. A., Yıldırım, C., and Çiner, A.: No surface breaking on the Ecemiş Fault, central Turkey, since Late Pleistocene ( ∼ 64.5 ka); new geomorphic and geochronologic data from cosmogenic dating of offset alluvial fans, Tectonophysics, 649, 33–46, 2015.
Schildgen, T. F., Cosentino, D., Caruso, a., Buchwaldt, R., Yıldırım, C., Bowring, S. A., Rojay, B., Echtler, H., and Strecker, M. R.: Surface expression of Eastern Mediterranean slab dynamics: neogene topographic and structural evolution of the southwest margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey, Tectonics, 31, TC2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC003021, 2012.
Şengör, A. M. C. and Yılmaz, Y.: Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach, Tectonophysics, 75, 181–241, 1981.
Sümengen, M., Ünay, E., Sarac, G., de Bruijn, H., Terlemez, I., and Gürbüz, M.: New neogene rodent assemblages from Anatolia (Turkey), in: European Neogene mammal chronology, Springer US, 61–72, 1990.
Tatar, O., Piper, J. D., and Gürsoy, H.: Palaeomagnetic study of the Erciyes sector of the Ecemiş Fault Zone: neotectonic deformation in the southeastern part of the Anatolian Block, Special Publications, Geological Society, London, 173, 423–440, 2000.
Tauxe, L.: Essentials of Paleomagnetism, Univ. of California Press, Berkeley, p. 506, 2010.
Tauxe, L. and Watson, G. S.: The fold test: an eigen analysis approach, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 122, 331–341, 1994.
Topuz, G., Okay, A. I., Altherr, R., Schwarz, W. H., Sunal, G., Altinkaynak, L., and Altınkaynak, L.: Triassic warm subduction in northeast Turkey: evidence from the Ağvanis metamorphic rocks, Isl. Arc., 23, 181–205, https://doi.org/10.1111/iar.12068, 2014.
Torsvik, T. H., Van der Voo, R., Preeden, U., Mac Niocaill, C., Steinberger, B., Doubrovine, P. V., van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Domeier, M., Gaina, C., Tohver, E., and Meert, J. G.: Phanerozoic polar wander, palaeogeography and dynamics, Earth-Sci. Rev., 114, 325–368, 2012.
Ünlügenç, U. C. and Akıncı, A. C.: Sedimentary development of the Oligocene Karsant? Basin, southern Turkey, in its regional tectonic setting, J. Asian Earth Sci., 105, 173–191, 2015.
Ustaömer, T. and Robertson, A. H. F.: Tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the north Tethyan margin in the central Pontides of northern Turkey, AAPG Memoir., 68, 255–290, 1997.
Ustaömer, T. and Robertson, A. H. F.: Late Palaeozoic–Early Cenozoic tectonic development of the eastern Pontides (Artvin area), Turkey: stages of closure of Tethys along the southern margin of Eurasia, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 340, 281–327, 2010.
Van der Voo, R.: Paleomagnetism and the Alpine tectonics of Eurasia IV: Jurassic, Cretaceous and Eocene pole positions from northeastern Turkey, Tectonophysics 6, 251–269, 1968.
Van der Voo, R.: The reliability of paleomagnetic data, Tectonophysics, 184, 1–9, 1990.
van Hinsbergen, D. J. J., Maffione, M., Plunder, A., Kaymakci, N., Ganerød, M., Hendriks, B. W. H., Corfu, F., Gürer, D., de Gelder, G. I. N. O., Peters, K., McPhee, P. J., Brouwer, F. M., Advokaat, E. L., and Vissers, R. L. M.: Tectonic evolution and paleogeography of the Kırşehir Block and the Central Anatolian Ophiolites, Turkey, Tectonics, 35, 983–1014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015tc004018, 2016.
Van Velzen, A. J. and Zijderveld, J. D. A.: Effects of weathering on single-domain magnetite in Early Pliocene marine marls, Geophys. J. Int., 121, 267–278, 1995.
Westaway, R. and Arger, J.: Kinematics of the Malatya–Ovacık fault zone, Geodinamica Acta, 14, 103–131, 2001.
Whitney, D. L. and Hamilton, M. A.: Timing of high-grade metamorphism in central Turkey and the assembly of Anatolia, J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 161, 823–828, 2004.
Yilmaz, A. and Yilmaz, H.: Characteristic features and structural evolution of a post collisional basin: the Sivas Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey, J. Asian Earth Sci., 27, 164–176, 2006.
Zijderveld, J. D. A.: AC demagnetization of rocks: analysis of results, in: Methods in Paleomagnetism, edited by: Collinson, D. W. and Creer, K. M., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 254–286, 1967.
Short summary
Central and Eastern Anatolia (present-day Turkey) accommodated Africa–Eurasia convergence in Cenozoic times. As a result, the region underwent distributed deformation and rotation. We provide a paleomagnetic dataset from sedimentary basins and assess the timing and amount of rotations. The obtained rotation patterns together with known fault zones suggest that south-central Turkey represents a coherently counterclockwise-rotating domain.
Central and Eastern Anatolia (present-day Turkey) accommodated Africa–Eurasia convergence in...
