3D geological models and geological maps provide essential representations of the subsurface and form the basis for a wide range of applications, including resource exploration, groundwater management, geothermal energy, geological storage, infrastructure development, and geological hazard assessment. However, the subsurface cannot be directly observed in its entirety, and therefore geological models and maps are intrinsically uncertain. Uncertainties arise from incomplete or heterogeneous data, the quality and resolution of data, geological complexity, geological interpretation and conceptual models, modelling methods, and the assumptions made throughout the modelling workflow.

In recent years, increasing emphasis has been placed on exploring and quantifying these uncertainties and on developing methods to incorporate them into geological models. At the same time, there is a growing recognition of the need to communicate uncertainty effectively, both within the scientific community and to stakeholders and end users of geological information. This special issue aims to bring together current approaches for identifying, quantifying, visualizing, managing, and communicating uncertainties in geological modelling and mapping at local, regional, and national scales.

The special issue aims to broaden this discussion and welcomes contributions from the wider community, including methodological developments and practical case studies from different geological contexts, scales, and applications. We welcome papers addressing the following topics:

• sources and types of uncertainty in geological modelling and mapping, including data quality and resolution, geological interpretation, and conceptual and structural uncertainty, as well as the assumptions and choices made throughout the modelling workflow;

• methods for quantifying, analysing, and propagating uncertainty in geological maps and 3D models, including sensitivity analysis, probabilistic and stochastic approaches, and multi-scenario modelling;

• the integration, visualization, and communication of uncertainties in geological models and maps, including the use of heterogeneous, multi-source datasets and approaches for communicating uncertainty to stakeholders and non-expert users;

• practical applications and case studies addressing geological uncertainty in areas such as subsurface resources, geothermal energy, groundwater, geological storage, infrastructure, and geological risk assessment.

3D geological models and geological maps provide essential representations of the subsurface and form the basis for a wide range of applications, including resource exploration, groundwater management, geothermal energy, geological storage, infrastructure development, and geological hazard assessment. However, the subsurface cannot be directly observed in its entirety, and therefore geological models and maps are intrinsically uncertain. Uncertainties arise from incomplete or heterogeneous data, the quality and resolution of data, geological complexity, geological interpretation and conceptual models, modelling methods, and the assumptions made throughout the modelling workflow.

In recent years, increasing emphasis has been placed on exploring and quantifying these uncertainties and on developing methods to incorporate them into geological models. At the same time, there is a growing recognition of the need to communicate uncertainty effectively, both within the scientific community and to stakeholders and end users of geological information. This special issue aims to bring together current approaches for identifying, quantifying, visualizing, managing, and communicating uncertainties in geological modelling and mapping at local, regional, and national scales.

The special issue aims to broaden this discussion and welcomes contributions from the wider community, including methodological developments and practical case studies from different geological contexts, scales, and applications. We welcome papers addressing the following topics:

• sources and types of uncertainty in geological modelling and mapping, including data quality and resolution, geological interpretation, and conceptual and structural uncertainty, as well as the assumptions and choices made throughout the modelling workflow;

• methods for quantifying, analysing, and propagating uncertainty in geological maps and 3D models, including sensitivity analysis, probabilistic and stochastic approaches, and multi-scenario modelling;

• the integration, visualization, and communication of uncertainties in geological models and maps, including the use of heterogeneous, multi-source datasets and approaches for communicating uncertainty to stakeholders and non-expert users;

• practical applications and case studies addressing geological uncertainty in areas such as subsurface resources, geothermal energy, groundwater, geological storage, infrastructure, and geological risk assessment.